"Disease"
The chapter begins with Ridley talking about using your DNA fingerprinting and blood sample to solve crimes. Then he started talking about blood transfusion and how transferring the wrong type of blood could be fatal. Blood types we first discovered in the 1900s, the first three types are A,O, and B. It was in the 1920s that blood type groups were organized and in the 1990s that genes had to do with the blood. Ridley gave examples about sickle cell disease and malaria diseases. He told the reader that the disease have been inherited to the newer generations and the code for that disease can either be dormant or active.
Thursday, March 29, 2012
Genome 5th Entry
"Sex"
Ridley begins the chapter with describing a portrait of an obese five year old child named Eugenia Martinez Vallejo. He says that the child is 'enormous for her age' he tells the reader that she has tiny hands and feet, followed by strange looking eyes and mouth. He later reveals that the child is diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome, a patient when young would lack appetite but when grows older, he/she would eat almost everything that is edible. Doctors notice that these syndromes are related to family and are being inherited. In Prader and Angelman's syndrome, they both have a missing piece in chromosome number 15. Prader syndrome is cause by a missing chunk of information from the father chromosome, while for the Angelman syndrome is caused by a missing chunk of genes from the mother's side of the chromosome. Then Ridley moves on to talk about the cloning of a sheep named Dolly. It seems that cloning would erase all imprints from the brain, but the organism itself can still survive. The mother's genes control the development of the cerebral cortex, which is the thinking part and the father's genes control the development of the hypothalamus, the mood of the father.
Ridley begins the chapter with describing a portrait of an obese five year old child named Eugenia Martinez Vallejo. He says that the child is 'enormous for her age' he tells the reader that she has tiny hands and feet, followed by strange looking eyes and mouth. He later reveals that the child is diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome, a patient when young would lack appetite but when grows older, he/she would eat almost everything that is edible. Doctors notice that these syndromes are related to family and are being inherited. In Prader and Angelman's syndrome, they both have a missing piece in chromosome number 15. Prader syndrome is cause by a missing chunk of information from the father chromosome, while for the Angelman syndrome is caused by a missing chunk of genes from the mother's side of the chromosome. Then Ridley moves on to talk about the cloning of a sheep named Dolly. It seems that cloning would erase all imprints from the brain, but the organism itself can still survive. The mother's genes control the development of the cerebral cortex, which is the thinking part and the father's genes control the development of the hypothalamus, the mood of the father.
Genome 4th Entry
"Death"
Ridley explains to the reader that death is caused by the abnormal function of the gene TP53. The gene TP53 has the power to control the production of cells, but if it becomes or is unable to function normally, it would lead to the buildup of large groups of compacted cells called tumors. The tumors build up until it could no longer hold the stress so some may deposit into the blood stream. Once in the blood stream the cancerous blob of cells take root else where in the body and the out of control TP53 continues to make more cells. These tumors sometimes black passage ways and can damage or kill tissues, not only that but it could also be visible on the outside if the tumor is grown large enough, or close to the skin. If the tumor is left untreated, death would occur for sure.
Ridley explains to the reader that death is caused by the abnormal function of the gene TP53. The gene TP53 has the power to control the production of cells, but if it becomes or is unable to function normally, it would lead to the buildup of large groups of compacted cells called tumors. The tumors build up until it could no longer hold the stress so some may deposit into the blood stream. Once in the blood stream the cancerous blob of cells take root else where in the body and the out of control TP53 continues to make more cells. These tumors sometimes black passage ways and can damage or kill tissues, not only that but it could also be visible on the outside if the tumor is grown large enough, or close to the skin. If the tumor is left untreated, death would occur for sure.
Nephron
Objective: Describe how a nephron works. How is this similar to counter currents or hydrostatic skeletons.
The nephron is a system of blood vessels in the kidney that runs through the Bowman's Capsule, Convoluted Tubes, Collecting Duct, and the Loop Of Henle. Through those areas, all foreign unwanted waste materials are gathered together and removed from the body, healthy and other recognizable cells and proteins are allowed to continue to circulate through the cells. The Proximinal Tubeule slowly absorbs and recycle materials needed for the body such as calcium, the other unwanted materials such as salt would be concentrated and then flushed to the ureter with water and travels to the bladder.
The Hydrostatic Skeletons are structures surrounded by muscles and are founded in cold-blooded organisms and soft bodied animals such as; clams, mollusk,and mussels that have a fluid-field cavity called the Coelom.
The nephron is a system of blood vessels in the kidney that runs through the Bowman's Capsule, Convoluted Tubes, Collecting Duct, and the Loop Of Henle. Through those areas, all foreign unwanted waste materials are gathered together and removed from the body, healthy and other recognizable cells and proteins are allowed to continue to circulate through the cells. The Proximinal Tubeule slowly absorbs and recycle materials needed for the body such as calcium, the other unwanted materials such as salt would be concentrated and then flushed to the ureter with water and travels to the bladder.
The Counter Current System is the forming of highly concentrated urine known as dilute urine. It is the process of exchanging solutes between the renal medullary capillaries.
The Hydrostatic Skeletons are structures surrounded by muscles and are founded in cold-blooded organisms and soft bodied animals such as; clams, mollusk,and mussels that have a fluid-field cavity called the Coelom.
Comparing Invertibrates
Objective: Pick three invertebrates. Compare them in terms of physical features and systems. Identify at least three similarities and differences.
Mole Crab (Emerita)
Physical Characteristics:
- five pairs of legs
- move backwards
-no pincher
-the strongest pair of legs would be on it's back, allow it to paddle backwards in the sand
-can grow up to 35 mm long and 25 mm wide
-female have a larger carapace(head), 14-35 mm while males have 10-22 mm
- eggs on female would be under the telson, would be bright orange
System:
-have two pairs of antenna; one for sensing danger, another for feeding
-have eye stalks that reaches above the sand
-crab is divided into two sections, the carapace and abdomen
-carapace contains the head, eye stalks, and the two antennas
- the abdomen includes the telson (tail) and the pleopods (section between tail and head.)
King Crab (Paralithodes Camtschaticus)
Physical Characteristics:
-carapace can measure up to 11 inches
-legs can grow up to 6 feet
-can weight up to 18 pounds
-because of their shell, they are though to have been from the ancestors of the hermit crab
-only crab to have 6 legs instead of 8 legs
- red, blue, brown, and golden is one of the most common crabs caught and sold
System:
- the organs for the digestive tract, respiratory, reproductive and circulatory system are all located in the carapace
-the mouth is located underneath the eyes and antenna
-they have spiny plates that are positioned laterally to grind up the food
- after the food have been processed by the digestive system, they come out as feces called 'bile'
-the liver is the largest organ in the crab
Cockroach (Blattaria)
Physical Characteristics:
-world's heaviest cockroach would be around 30 grams called the giant burrowing cockroach
-they have large compound eyes
- two ocelli
-long flexible antenna
- first pair of wings are hard and act like a shield for the hid wings
-the abdomen have 10 segments
-each leg have five tiny claws
- all four wings have branching longitudinal veins, and multiple cross-veins
System:
-breath through the treacheae
- the treacheae are attached to the spiracles, meaning that the insect does not depend on the mouth to breath
-treacheae brings air directly to the cells
-uses pheromones to attract mate
-phermones are released from their feces that can lead other roaches to food and water sources
- they carry their young in a capsule called the Ootheca, which is exposed halfway out of their body when the female is matured
- roaches have a incomplete metamorphases
Mole Crab (Emerita)
Physical Characteristics:
- five pairs of legs
- move backwards
-no pincher
-the strongest pair of legs would be on it's back, allow it to paddle backwards in the sand
-can grow up to 35 mm long and 25 mm wide
-female have a larger carapace(head), 14-35 mm while males have 10-22 mm
- eggs on female would be under the telson, would be bright orange
System:
-have two pairs of antenna; one for sensing danger, another for feeding
-have eye stalks that reaches above the sand
-crab is divided into two sections, the carapace and abdomen
-carapace contains the head, eye stalks, and the two antennas
- the abdomen includes the telson (tail) and the pleopods (section between tail and head.)
King Crab (Paralithodes Camtschaticus)
Physical Characteristics:
-carapace can measure up to 11 inches
-legs can grow up to 6 feet
-can weight up to 18 pounds
-because of their shell, they are though to have been from the ancestors of the hermit crab
-only crab to have 6 legs instead of 8 legs
- red, blue, brown, and golden is one of the most common crabs caught and sold
System:
- the organs for the digestive tract, respiratory, reproductive and circulatory system are all located in the carapace
-the mouth is located underneath the eyes and antenna
-they have spiny plates that are positioned laterally to grind up the food
- after the food have been processed by the digestive system, they come out as feces called 'bile'
-the liver is the largest organ in the crab
Cockroach (Blattaria)
Physical Characteristics:
-world's heaviest cockroach would be around 30 grams called the giant burrowing cockroach
-they have large compound eyes
- two ocelli
-long flexible antenna
- first pair of wings are hard and act like a shield for the hid wings
-the abdomen have 10 segments
-each leg have five tiny claws
- all four wings have branching longitudinal veins, and multiple cross-veins
System:
-breath through the treacheae
- the treacheae are attached to the spiracles, meaning that the insect does not depend on the mouth to breath
-treacheae brings air directly to the cells
-uses pheromones to attract mate
-phermones are released from their feces that can lead other roaches to food and water sources
- they carry their young in a capsule called the Ootheca, which is exposed halfway out of their body when the female is matured
- roaches have a incomplete metamorphases
Tuesday, March 27, 2012
Starfish
Objective: On your blog, describe a starfish in terms of symmetry, germ cell layers, coelem, Circulatory system, reproduction, feeding, excretion and nervous system. Find picture examples of each living class Crinoidea, Ophiocistioidea, Astroidea, Echinoiudea and Holothuidea.
Starfish have a radial symmetry because of their five arms. Their exoskeleton are composed of a double cell layered. Their coelem have an open circulatory system because they are water vascular. Water flow through their mouth and through all five of it's arms. Starfish keep their eggs in their arms and fertilize them externally. Starfish can also reproduce asexually from broken limbs. They prey open mollusks, eat vegetation, and debris. They lack excretory systems so they release their waste through pores on their skins. They have a circum-oesophageal ring that acts as their nervous system.
Crinoidea -1st picture, sea fan
Ophiocistioidea-4th picture, 6+ armed starfish
Astroidea-3rd picture, regular 5 armed starfish
Echinoiudea-2nd picture, Sea Urchin
Holothuidea-5th picture, Sea Cucumber
Starfish have a radial symmetry because of their five arms. Their exoskeleton are composed of a double cell layered. Their coelem have an open circulatory system because they are water vascular. Water flow through their mouth and through all five of it's arms. Starfish keep their eggs in their arms and fertilize them externally. Starfish can also reproduce asexually from broken limbs. They prey open mollusks, eat vegetation, and debris. They lack excretory systems so they release their waste through pores on their skins. They have a circum-oesophageal ring that acts as their nervous system.
Ophiocistioidea-4th picture, 6+ armed starfish
Astroidea-3rd picture, regular 5 armed starfish
Echinoiudea-2nd picture, Sea Urchin
Holothuidea-5th picture, Sea Cucumber
Intelligence
Objective: Why is it important to define and debate our understanding of intelligence and its origins? How does this relate to you?
It is important to know what intelligence is because there are various answers to this question. One can be skills necessary for survival, another could be about wisdom and knowing more then just survival. Many people today believed that intelligence today is defined as smartness, wisdom, and knowing much more then others do. Then less well known definition of intelligence would be about skills needed for survival, this could be learned behavior, learned from cause and effect or watching from others in their life. Another intelligence could be imprinted behavior, in which learning is in a limited amount of time.
This relates to me because I am a visual learner. I need to see diagrams and pictures with labels to help me develop a picture in my mind. I also enjoy working in groups because it increases the amount of ideals, that is... assuming that everyone in the group is working hard. Some other times I enjoy working alone because I wanted to express my ideals thoroughly the way I wanted it to be. The intelligence I'm using right now is the second definition, absorbing as much materials as possible. But when I go to college I would need survival skills, I would need to look after my expenses and time.
It is important to know what intelligence is because there are various answers to this question. One can be skills necessary for survival, another could be about wisdom and knowing more then just survival. Many people today believed that intelligence today is defined as smartness, wisdom, and knowing much more then others do. Then less well known definition of intelligence would be about skills needed for survival, this could be learned behavior, learned from cause and effect or watching from others in their life. Another intelligence could be imprinted behavior, in which learning is in a limited amount of time.
This relates to me because I am a visual learner. I need to see diagrams and pictures with labels to help me develop a picture in my mind. I also enjoy working in groups because it increases the amount of ideals, that is... assuming that everyone in the group is working hard. Some other times I enjoy working alone because I wanted to express my ideals thoroughly the way I wanted it to be. The intelligence I'm using right now is the second definition, absorbing as much materials as possible. But when I go to college I would need survival skills, I would need to look after my expenses and time.
Friday, March 2, 2012
Genome 3rd entry
" Life "
Ridley talked about the Biblical book of Genesis, he mentions about the 'word'. As I read on I discovered that 'words' actually are the protein sequence in the RNA that makes up genes. He tells the reader that DNA is a pattern in written words. Ridley also talks about the history of life, beginning with RNA, which creates DNA. RNA is the protein recipe to create DNA. LUCA was mentioned, the Last Universal Common Ancestor, was believed to be a bacterium living in a hot marine environment. Erasmus Darwin, a poet and physician concluded that genes are fragments of our life. Francis Crick, worked on designs of naval mines near Portsmouth, and James Watson, aged 15 is enrolled at the University of Chicago.... both the future inverters of the DNA model. Maurice Wilkins helped design the atomic bomb for the United States in WW2. Rosalind Franklin is studying the structure of the coal for the British government. Osward Avery identified DNA as the chemical manifestation of heredity. RNA came before proteins.
Ridley talked about the Biblical book of Genesis, he mentions about the 'word'. As I read on I discovered that 'words' actually are the protein sequence in the RNA that makes up genes. He tells the reader that DNA is a pattern in written words. Ridley also talks about the history of life, beginning with RNA, which creates DNA. RNA is the protein recipe to create DNA. LUCA was mentioned, the Last Universal Common Ancestor, was believed to be a bacterium living in a hot marine environment. Erasmus Darwin, a poet and physician concluded that genes are fragments of our life. Francis Crick, worked on designs of naval mines near Portsmouth, and James Watson, aged 15 is enrolled at the University of Chicago.... both the future inverters of the DNA model. Maurice Wilkins helped design the atomic bomb for the United States in WW2. Rosalind Franklin is studying the structure of the coal for the British government. Osward Avery identified DNA as the chemical manifestation of heredity. RNA came before proteins.
Genome 2nd entry
" Fate "
The gene is more positive then negative to us. But syndromes such as the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome is caused by repeating genes, such as ACG, ACG, ACG. It would be fine if the gene is repeated up to 35 times, but if more, you will die young. There are more then a billion words in your genes, but yet one mistake of repeating word may change if we are normal of have down syndrome. Huntingtin's disease first to be identified was in 1872. The doctor noticed that the syndromes are being passed down from generations. Milton Wexler's daughter was on the edge of having the mutation. Wexler began her research by collecting blood from 500 patients, she then sent them to Jim Gusella's lab in Boston. He tested the genetic markers in search of the Huntingtin syndrome. He finally found out the area of the problem, located on the tip of the short arm of chromosome 4. The genes are the formula for creating syndromes and thus giving it;s name.
The gene is more positive then negative to us. But syndromes such as the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome is caused by repeating genes, such as ACG, ACG, ACG. It would be fine if the gene is repeated up to 35 times, but if more, you will die young. There are more then a billion words in your genes, but yet one mistake of repeating word may change if we are normal of have down syndrome. Huntingtin's disease first to be identified was in 1872. The doctor noticed that the syndromes are being passed down from generations. Milton Wexler's daughter was on the edge of having the mutation. Wexler began her research by collecting blood from 500 patients, she then sent them to Jim Gusella's lab in Boston. He tested the genetic markers in search of the Huntingtin syndrome. He finally found out the area of the problem, located on the tip of the short arm of chromosome 4. The genes are the formula for creating syndromes and thus giving it;s name.
Genome 1st entry
" Intelligence "
Robert Plomin and his colleagues have did an experiment with a group of specially gifted children. They are the top students in their school, they are the top 1%. They are around the age of 12 to 14 years old and have the IQ of about 160. He did blood test with the specially gifted students and studied the chromosome 6. He found out that in the IGF2R gene's pattern is different from an ordinary human gene. Robert Sternberg claims that there are three different kinds of intelligence; analytic, creative, and practical. Charles Spearman in 1904 noticed that when a child does well in one subject, tends to do well on the other subjects as well. He names this the general intelligence, aka 'G'. Thomas Bouchard did experiments on twins by changing their environment. Towards the end of the experiment, he noticed that their personality are the same.
Robert Plomin and his colleagues have did an experiment with a group of specially gifted children. They are the top students in their school, they are the top 1%. They are around the age of 12 to 14 years old and have the IQ of about 160. He did blood test with the specially gifted students and studied the chromosome 6. He found out that in the IGF2R gene's pattern is different from an ordinary human gene. Robert Sternberg claims that there are three different kinds of intelligence; analytic, creative, and practical. Charles Spearman in 1904 noticed that when a child does well in one subject, tends to do well on the other subjects as well. He names this the general intelligence, aka 'G'. Thomas Bouchard did experiments on twins by changing their environment. Towards the end of the experiment, he noticed that their personality are the same.
Double fertilization only occurs in angiosperms. This only occurs when a pollen grain attaches to the stigma for the flower. The pollen grain them falls down the style and lands towards the egg. Once that has happen, one sperm will fertilize the egg, causing the development of diploid zygote (creates the embryo). The other sperm goes and fertilizes the endosperm which contains the nutrients and water for the young embryo when ripen.
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